Week of 1/30/26
What's Happening at HPA This Week?
School Bulletins for the Week of 1/30/26
Lower School
Each week, K–5 families receive updates highlighting joyful moments, meaningful lessons, and a glimpse into what students and parents can look forward to in the weeks ahead.
News & notes
Aloha Lower School ʻOhana!
My Mondays typically start on Sunday evenings, even more so on assembly weeks (we have our LS assemblies biweekly), and this was true this past Sunday as I did my final visualization of the rhythm and flow of our always full and always meaningful 30 minute gatherings (it can be hard to believe what we pack in that time frame, although admittedly I can get carried away and go overboard!).
I picture the transitions, the student voices, the moments of reflection, and the shared energy of our K–5 community coming together. It is not always perfect, but it is always full of warmth and meaning. When that Monday morning comes, I make sure to let our students know it is one of my absolute favorite things as a school, to gather as a community, to learn together, to grow together, and to sit in mindful stillness together. It was more true this week than ever before, and I was grateful to stand before your beautiful children this Monday, heart heavy and mind foggy, but full of purpose and readiness for what the day would bring, for we were together in love and community.
For me personally, I also find much solace and comfort in the doing. Having purpose, routine, and intention. We leaned into that these past days, alongside you, our ʻohana, in love and support of one another, and so how fitting it was to start our week together sharing physical and mental space as a whole. Thank you, as always, for the privilege of educating and supporting your children.
Here are some upcoming gatherings of note — I hope to see some of you there!
Robotics
This Sunday, February 1st four Village Campus Robotics teams from 4th-8th grades will be competing in the HFLL Challenge State Championship at McKinley High School on Oʻahu. They have been working hard this entire school year under the theme, “Unearthed,” which invited students to follow traces of the past—uncovering hidden treasures, mysterious artifacts, and forgotten stories. Teams were challenged to consider questions such as: What lies behind the ancient symbols carved in stone? What tools help archaeologists in their exciting work? And how can our ideas shape the future?
Congratulations to our incredible teams advancing to States:
• Demolishing Dogs (Grade 4)
• Cookie Capybaras (Grade 4)
• Penguin Paleontologists (Grade 5)
• Code Erosion (Middle School): Winners of the Innovation Award for their prototype of an augmented reality game that brings ancient Hawaiian sites to life, allowing users to experience what these places may have looked like thousands of years ago.
We are so proud of our wonder-filled students and wish them all the best! Mahalo to Mrs. Mellon Monello, our K–8 Educational Technologist, and Mrs. Kristin Tarnas, K-8 Librarian, along with our many parent mentors, for supporting our young engineers in this endeavor and journey! No matter the outcome, we are proud of all of our students’ hard work and dedication.
Speed Cubing
We’re excited to announce that the World Cubing Association (WCA) official competition is coming to HPA on Saturday, February 28, 2026! Whether a seasoned speedcuber or just getting started, this is an opportunity to compete, connect, and celebrate the cubing community.
Location: HPA Village Campus: Hale Inana
Date: Saturday, February 28th 2026
Time: 8:00 am – 4:00 pm

K-2 musical – The Tortoise and the Hare
We are excited to announce the upcoming K-2 Musical Program, based on the Aesopʻs Fable, The Tortoise and the Hare. Grades K, 1, and 2 will showcase their knowledge of musical elements and performance techniques as they explore themes of perseverance and humility.
Performance date: Friday, February 20
Location: Gates Performing Arts Center (GPAC), HPA Upper Campus
Time: 2:15 pm, doors open at 2 pm
Families of students in these grades are invited to attend the performance. Students in grades 3-5 will also be watching and supporting the audience.
Families of all students, K-5, should plan to pick up their keiki directly from GPAC at 3:00 pm unless they are participating in the after-school program (those children will be bused back to the Village Campus).
Have a beautiful weekend, Lower School ʻOhana!
Me ka mahalo nui,

Dora Kwong
Lower School Principal
Schedule
Our K-5 classes continue with in-person instruction on our Village Campus on Monday, February 2.
We encourage all families to check the School Calendar in myHPA for the most up-to-date information. In addition, a list of Key Dates (school opening and closures) can also be located on the Lower School Family Resources tile located in myHPA.
Coming Up
• February 1-15: HPA Re-Enrollment
• Friday, February 6: Pizza and Play with Head of School, Fred Wawner
• Monday, February 16: K-12 Faculty Work Day, no classes
• Friday, February 27: Village Campus Plant Sale
• Wednesday, March 4: 5th Grade Capstone Presentations
• Thursday, March 5 and Friday, March 6: LS/MS Student-Led Conferences
Pizza and a Play with the Head of School
Join us in Ko Kākou Student Union on the Upper Campus from 5:15 to 6:30 pm on Friday, February 6, for pizza with our Head of School, Fred Wawner, before the opening night of Ka Makani Players’ performance of Too Many Detectives at the Murder Mansion. Bring the family for a slice and head over to the Gates Performing Arts Center for the 7:00 pm showing. The show is free and open to the public. Please RSVP here. We hope to see you there!

Re-enrollment
Re-enrollment for current students will take place from February 1-15.
Please be on the lookout for emails to come to you by February 1 that will give you access to the enrollment forms to secure your child’s space for the next academic year.
World Cubing Association
We’re excited to announce that the World Cubing Association (WCA) official competition is coming to HPA on Saturday, February 28! Whether you’re a seasoned speedcuber or just getting started, this is your chance to compete, connect, and celebrate the cubing community.
Location: HPA Village Campus: Hale ʻĪnana
Date: Saturday, February 28
Time: 8 am – 4 pm
Competitors will test their skills across a variety of WCA-recognized events. Spectators are welcome, come cheer on your friends and watch some of the fastest solves in Hawaiʻi.
Highlights
• Officially sanctioned WCA competition
• Multiple speedcubing events
• Community fun and excitement
• Open to cubers of all ages and levels
Register now
(Spots are limited—don’t miss out)
Let’s make this an unforgettable day of cubing, community, and fun!
Past Email Communications
All past email communications can be accessed by visiting the Lower School Family Resources tile on myHPA and scrolling down to Past Parent Email Communications, 2025-2026.
myHPA
In addition to Seesaw, many important resources can be located on our community portal, myHPA. Check the Lower School Family Resources tile for the most up-to-date information.
Middle School
Each week, 6–8 families receive updates reflecting on recent activities and accomplishments, along with a preview of what students and parents can look forward to in the coming days.
News & notes
Aloha Middle School Families,
Kindness grows communities. Mahalo to each of you for the small, thoughtful actions you offer each day. Our recent focus on growth mindset, both in our inner dialogue and how we speak with others, was evident throughout student work and collaboration this past week. Time and again, we saw how cumulative acts of kindness support learning, confidence, and connection across our campus.
Looking ahead, I warmly invite you to join us for our annual Middle School Lip Sync Contest and Dance on Friday, February 20 in Hale ʻĪnana. Families are encouraged to attend, cheer loudly, and celebrate as each advisory takes the stage. Our students truly give it their all during this beloved tradition.
In partnership with our ʻOhana Association, we are also seeking family support to help bring the evening together. Sixth-grade families are invited to take the lead on decorating Hale ʻĪnana, and all families are welcome to help by contributing food or assisting with clean-up at the end of the night. While it may sound simple, the shared work and laughter alongside families is genuinely one of my favorite parts of leading at HPA.
You can sign up to support the dance here.
Looking ahead to the following week, please join us for the 5th Annual Village Campus Plant Sale on Friday, February 27, from 3:00 to 5:00 pm in the Ulumau Garden. This joyful community gathering celebrates our connection to the ʻāina and to one another while helping spread more greenery across our island home. Led by our 4th-grade students, the plant sale highlights collaboration, communication, creativity, and critical thinking as they prepare for their upcoming capstone work. Every Lower and Middle School student has contributed to making this event possible, reinforcing the pilina that binds our Village Campus together.
Thank you for your continued partnership and for the many ways you help cultivate kindness and community each day.
Aloha,

Michael Cservenak
Middle School Principal
Schedule
Our Middle School 2025-2026 Daily Schedule continues with in-person instruction on our Village Campus on Monday, February 2.
We encourage all families to check the School Calendar in myHPA for the most up-to-date information. In addition, a list of Key Dates (school opening and closures) can also be located on the Middle School Family Resources tile located in myHPA.
Coming Up
• February 1-15: HPA Re-Enrollment
• Friday, February 6: Pizza and Play with Head of School, Fred Wawner
• Monday, February 16: K-12 Faculty Work Day, no classes
• Friday, February 20: Middle School Lip Sync Dance
• Friday, February 27: Village Campus Plant Sale
• Thursday, March 5 and Friday, March 6: LS/MS Student-Led Conferences
• Friday, April 3 and Saturday, April 4: Middle School Spring Musical, Annie Jr.
Pizza and a Play with the Head of School
Join us in Ko Kākou Student Union on the Upper Campus from 5:15 to 6:30 pm on Friday, February 6, for pizza with our Head of School, Fred Wawner, before the opening night of Ka Makani Players’ performance of Too Many Detectives at the Murder Mansion. Bring the family for a slice and head over to the Gates Performing Arts Center for the 7:00 pm showing. The show is free and open to the public. Please RSVP here. We hope to see you there!

Re-enrollment
Re-enrollment for current students will take place from February 1-15.
Please be on the lookout for emails to come to you by February 1 that will give you access to the enrollment forms to secure your child’s space for the next academic year.
World Cubing Association
We’re excited to announce that the World Cubing Association (WCA) official competition is coming to HPA on Saturday, February 28! Whether you’re a seasoned speedcuber or just getting started, this is your chance to compete, connect, and celebrate the cubing community.
Location: HPA Village Campus: Hale ʻĪnana
Date: Saturday, February 28
Time: 8 am – 4 pm
Competitors will test their skills across a variety of WCA-recognized events. Spectators are welcome, come cheer on your friends and watch some of the fastest solves in Hawaiʻi.
Highlights
• Officially sanctioned WCA competition
• Multiple speedcubing events
• Community fun and excitement
• Open to cubers of all ages and levels
Register now
(Spots are limited—don’t miss out)
Let’s make this an unforgettable day of cubing, community, and fun!
Past Email Communications
All past email communications can be accessed by visiting the Middle School Family Resource tile on myHPA and scrolling down to ‘Past Email Communications, 2025-2026’.
myHPA
myHPA is where you can find all the resources related to your child’s learning. Two key resource boards that we would like to draw your attention to are the ‘Middle School Family Resources’ and the ‘Middle School Student Resources’.
Upper School
Each week, our Upper School leadership team provides valuable insight about campus culture while sharing updates with 9-12 students and parents on academics, athletics, and arts, and what day and residential families can expect throughout the semester.
News & notes
Aloha Upper School Families,
We care about each other. In the simplest terms, that is the heart of this community. When moments test us, the character of our school is revealed not in grand gestures, but in the steady presence of its people. Our students care for one another. Our faculty care deeply about our students. That is what I admire most about being here. At HPA’s Upper School, challenge — and at times hardship — draws out an instinctive unity. Students, faculty, staff, and families move toward one another with compassion, generosity, and quiet strength. Classrooms become places of reassurance, conversations carry encouragement, and small acts of kindness ripple outward to restore confidence and hope. What shines brightest is the commitment to lift one another — to notice, to listen, and to stand beside peers without hesitation. Through every difficulty, empathy and shared responsibility turn hardship into connection, reminding us that belonging here means never facing adversity alone. We care about each other.
That same spirit carries into the flow of daily school life. It lives in the ways we gather, celebrate, and share experiences that strengthen our bonds. The week ahead offers meaningful opportunities to learn, connect, and come together, and we look forward to the moments that continue to bring our community side by side.
Upcoming Dates
- February 2: International Day. Click here to see a video from last yearʻs event. Itʻs arguably one of the finest days of the year at the HPA Upper School to celebrate cultural diversity.
- February 18-20: Upper School Olympics, Definitely a year highlight for student engagement. Click here for a video of last yearʻs Olympics.
Notable Senior Capstone Project: Financial Planning For Students
- Mei-Chi (Maggie) L. ʻ26 is bringing in a financial advisor to present to students about the importance of financial planning and how to do it.
- When: Thursday, March 5 at 6:00 pm
- Where: HPA Student Union
- Read more about the financial advisor
- More information, including a sign-up form from Maggie, will come forth in the coming weeks.
HPA Faculty Author Award Winner: Ms. Marcella Bell
Join me in celebrating the accomplishments of HPA faculty member Marcella Bell, who was recently awarded the Michael L. Printz Award for Excellence in Young Adult Literature. The book she co-authored is “Legendary Frybread Drive-In.” The award honors the best book written for teens, based entirely on its literary merit. It was edited by Cynthia Leitich Smith, and published by Heartdrum, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.
We congratulate her on this accomplishment and on her contributions to encouraging reading and writing at HPA and worldwide.

Sportsmanship at Athletic Events
Recent incidents on Oʻahu involving parents and officials — along with past events on Hawaiʻi Island and around the world involving spectator interactions with coaches and officials — serve as an important reminder for all of us.
We are deeply grateful for the support our families show our student-athletes, coaches, and the officials who make interscholastic competition possible. Athletics provide powerful opportunities not only for character development, but also for character to be revealed. That responsibility belongs not only to the athletes, but to everyone in attendance.
We extend sincere thanks to the many HPA families who consistently model respect, composure, and perspective. Your example strengthens our community and reinforces the values we hope our students carry forward. Please bring any concerns at an event involving HPA athletes to our Athletic Director, Stephen Perry, right away.
All the best,

Mark Noetzel
Assistant Head of School for Upper School
Schedule
Our Upper School 2025-2026 Daily Schedule will resume with in-person instruction on our Upper Campus on Monday, February 2.
We encourage all students and families to access the School Calendar in myHPA for the most up-to-date information. In addition, a list of Key Dates (school openings and closures) can also be located on the Upper School Family Resources tile located in myHPA.
Coming Up
• February 1-15: HPA Re-Enrollment
• Monday, February 2: International Day
• Friday, February 6: Pizza and Play with Head of School, Fred Wawner
• Monday, February 16: K-12 Faculty Work Day, no classes
• Wednesday, February 18 to Friday, February 20: Olympics
• March 6: Spring Break begins
• April 4: HPA Prom, at the Hualalai Resort – Four Seasons Hotel
• April 15: College Fair on the HPA Campus, 11-1:00 pm
• May 11: HPA Academic Awards Program, Castle Gymnasium, 3:30 pm
• May 21: Baccalaureate Services – Class of 2026
• May 22: Commencement Ceremony, Class of 2026, Castle Gymnasium
Student Support
Should your child need additional learning or counseling support, we encourage you to reach out to:
- US Learning Specialist: Spencer Williams at swilliams@hpa.edu
- US Counselor: Tiffany Freitas at tfreitas@hpa.edu or 808-881-4038
- US Counselor: Steve Furchner at sfurchner@hpa.edu or 808-881-4038
Re-enrollment
Re-enrollment for current students will take place from February 1-15.
Please be on the lookout for emails to come to you by February 1 that will give you access to the enrollment forms to secure your child’s space for the next academic year.
Ka Makani Athletics
Winter season is here! Check out the latest Winter Sports Athletics calendar here. You can also access the athletics schedule on the myHPA calendar. Go KA MAKANI!
Basketball
BOYS:
Saturday, January 31 vs Kaʻu (6:00 pm)
Swimming & Diving
Saturday, January 31, at Kamehameha, BIIF Finals
Wrestling
Saturday, January 31, at Waimea District Park, 10:00 am
Soccer
BOYS: Wednesday, February 4, HHSAA Tournament, O’ahu
Catch the action
Watch the Ka Makani action as it happens! Watch HPA sports live on Hudl and never miss a play.
College Counseling
College Horizons Summer 2026 @ Dartmouth and UC Berkeley
College Horizons is a free 5-day pre-college residential program designed specifically for Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian high school sophomores and juniors. Students connect with 70+ partner colleges and universities, meet admission representatives and college counselors, and learn more about the college application process in a supportive, community-centered environment. Need-based travel stipends are available.
The 2026 program will be hosted by Dartmouth College and UC Berkeley from June 26 to July 1. Students may choose one of the two host sites. For more information and the application link, visit the College Horizons website.
FAFSA Completion Webinars
To help families complete the FAFSA for college financial aid, the Pacific Financial Aid Association is offering several Free FAFSA Completion webinars. In addition, Free scholarship webinars are also available on scheduled dates throughout the fall.
Virtual ACT/SAT Weekend Boot Camp
HPA is partnering with Tutors Across America to provide a 3-Day Virtual ACT/SAT Weekend Boot Camp on February 13 – 15, 2026. Students who attend the bootcamps average 3-7 point improvements on the ACT and 100-200 point improvements on the SAT.
Schedule
Friday, February 13: 4 to 8:30 pm
Saturday, February 14: 9 am to 6 pm (break from 1 to 2 pm)
Sunday, February 15: 9 am to 6 pm (break from 1 to 2 pm)
Cost
Discounted Cost: $199 for HPA students (Regular Cost is $399)
Use coupon code HAWAIIPREP at checkout.
Registration
• Go to: http://TutorsAcrossAmerica.com/ACTcourse
• Scroll down to find the camp you’re looking for
• Enroll as directed (You may enroll in any camp that works for you)
• Use coupon code HAWAIIPREP at checkout to get the 50% discount.
• Reach out to us with any questions. We’re happy to help.
Ka Makani Travel
Spring Semester, 2026
Oahu, February Long Weekend, February 14-16, enrollment deadline is Monday, February 2
Spring Break March, 2027
Japan: Land of the Rising Sun with EF Tours led by Mrs. Inaba & Mr. Piercy
New Zealand led by Ms. White, Ms. Kight, Mr. Ford & Mr. Moltz
Please contact Ka Makani Travel Coordinator Adrienne White (awhite@hpa.edu) for information regarding registration, eligibility and travel
Residential Life
This weekend, the International Boarding community will be hard at work preparing for International Day on Monday, with teams of students working alongside our food service partners at FLIK, along with some of our HPA faculty, to prepare a massive lunch special for the entire Upper School.
Arguably the best lunch of the year, teams from Azerbaijan, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech, Denmark, Germany, Hawai’i, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mexico, Romania, Samoa, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Ukraine will each be cooking a favorite dish (or two, or three) from home to share with our community. All of the students cooking will be assisted and directed by our friends at FLIK, and have taken food safety courses to prepare for this monumental task!
While those teams spend their weekend cooking, others will be preparing workshop classes for their peers, sharing aspects of their homes and cultures that they love; and others will be preparing cultural performances to share with the school in our special assembly on Monday afternoon.
We set this time aside to celebrate the many cultures and individuals in our community who bring their own global perspective to our school every day. As they immerse themselves in our culture throughout the year, we are proud and delighted to spend a day immersing ourselves in theirs!
Pizza and a Play with the Head of School
Join us in Ko Kākou Student Union on the Upper Campus from 5:15 to 6:30 pm on Friday, February 6, for pizza with our Head of School, Fred Wawner, before the opening night of Ka Makani Players’ performance of Too Many Detectives at the Murder Mansion. Bring the family for a slice and head over to the Gates Performing Arts Center for the 7:00 pm showing. The show is free and open to the public. Please RSVP here. We hope to see you there!

Past Email Communications
All past email communications can be accessed by visiting the Upper School Family Resources tile on myHPA and scrolling down to ‘Past Email Communications, 2025-2026.
Whom to Contact at HPA
If you are unsure whom to contact regarding a specific question or issue, please refer to our Whom to Contact guide.
As a reminder, HPA is a closed campus, so if a parent or guardian wishes to come to campus during the academic day, they will need an appointment.
myHPA
myHPA is where you can find all the resources related to your child’s learning. Two key resource boards that we would like to draw your attention to are the ‘Upper School Family Resources’, and the ‘Upper School Student Resources’.
All-School
Need to know information for our entire Ka Makani ʻohana.
Summer at HPA Enrollment is Now Open!
We’re excited to announce that Summer at HPA is officially open for enrollment! Families can now sign up for our Academy Program, Ka Makani Keiki Camp, and Enrichment Swimming sessions.
Check out our current program listings on the Summer at HPA page on the school website, or enroll directly through our CampSite Enrollment form.
If you have any questions, please email summer@hpa.edu
We look forward to another amazing summer!
Admissions
Re-enrollment for current students will take place from February 1-15, 2026. Please be on the lookout for emails to come to you by February 1 that will give you access to the enrollment forms to secure your child’s space for the next academic year.
The new application for the 2026-2027 academic year is now available. If you have a sibling of your current student who is planning to apply next year, please let us know, and we will review their application ASAP. Please contact our office at admissions@hpa.edu if you have any questions. We will expedite your completion of the process and are here to support your ʻohana. Additionally, please visit our website for information on upcoming fall events where you and/or your friends can connect with HPA and the admissions team.
Advancement & Alumni
Pizza and a Play with the Head of School
Join us in Ko Kākou Student Union on the Upper Campus from 5:15 to 6:30 pm on Friday, February 6, for pizza with our Head of School, Fred Wawner, before the opening night of Ka Makani Players’ performance of Too Many Detectives at the Murder Mansion. Bring the family for a slice and head over to the Gates Performing Arts Center for the 7:00 pm showing. The show is free and open to the public. Please RSVP here. We hope to see you there!
Isaacs Art Center
The Hawai’i Wood Guild celebrated its 40th Anniversary at the January opening of our annual Invitational Masters Show. On exhibit are 48 striking creations available for purchase alongside a special display of precontact umeke and historic Hawaiian wood carving tools. Highlighted is the artists’ mastery of wood turning, joinery, marquetry, pyrography and a showcase of the diverse woods of our island. There is an 8 foot door resembling woven lauhala with a double piko, a lidded umeke carved with a pair of i‘o and their chicks, live edge side tables, framed mirrors, jewelry boxes and towers, calabash of diverse shapes and woods, and a miniature tree with 25 tiny unique wood bowls on its branches. This exhibition is a breathtaking display of talent and innovation, featuring stunning pieces that blend traditional techniques with contemporary design.
Join us for this landmark Wood Show, open now through February 28. Celebrate the woodworking artistry as our master craftsmen and women from across Hawai’i Island share their finest creations. Talk stories with these artists will be held on several Saturdays during the show; dates to be announced!
Isaacs Art Center is free and open to the public, Tuesday through Friday from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, and on Saturdays from 9:00 am to 12:00 pm. Gallery works for sale may also be viewed on our website. Be sure to also visit our Instagram and Facebook pages for highlights from ongoing exhibitions. Sales from gallery artwork have supported the HPA Financial Aid program since its opening in 2004.
Safety Protocols
Campus Access
Campus access is limited to current students, employees, essential contractors, and approved guests. Guests to campus will have had their hosting faculty or staff member fill out the appropriate form and will have received permission from their supervisor.
If a family member of a student needs to meet with a faculty, staff, or administrative team member, please contact them to arrange a meeting on campus. From that point, security team members will be alerted to your appointment date and time and let you onto campus.
At the Upper School, please do not park and walk onto campus without an appointment. Similarly, at the Village Campus, kindly call or email for an appointment so that arrangements can be made. Mahalo, for your understanding and respect for this process.
If you See Something, Say Something
We ask all families to join HPA in keeping our campus safe. While on the HPA campus, if you see anything out of the ordinary, we ask that you please report it to the school or local authorities immediately. This will help us maintain the safest campus for our students.
- Imminent threat to life or property: call 911 immediately. Follow up with your supervisor ASAP.
- Anything out of the ordinary: email Dan Wilkinson, HPA Security Supervisor at dwilkinson@hpa.edu
CrisisGo for Parents
It is important that all families are set up with CrisisGo, HPA’s school emergency communication tool. To set up CrisisGo SMS/Email subscription, please click on this invitation link and complete the form by adding your name, email, and cell number (this is an important step if you would like to receive an SMS message), and click on the Subscribe button. Should an emergency occur, you will be alerted by email and SMS messaging. You can also locate these instructions by logging into myHPA, clicking on the resource tab, and selecting the CrisisGo Safe2SpeakUp tile.
Safe2SpeakUp for Middle and Upper Students
Similarly, Middle and Upper School students received instructions during orientation on how to upload the Safe2SpeakUp app. This is a companion app to CrisisGo. It will allow the school to alert students of emergencies that happen on or off campus and enable students to communicate with us about their safety status. They can also use the app to alert the school about any behaviors they are concerned about. Students can also locate instructions on setting up Safe2SpeakUp in myHPA, and they were also emailed the video shown at orientation which walks them through the process of uploading the app and registering, step-by-step.
All students can also submit an Online Bully/Harassment report by clicking on this link, which can also be located on the CrisisGo Safe2SpeakUp tile on myHPA.

